Why robotics
How robots got here
Six stages took robots from taught motions to general skills, and each one still runs today. The next stage depends on experience of the real world.
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Illustration Machines that repeat
Unimate starts work at a General Motors plant, replaying positions an operator taught it, one hot casting at a time.
Source: IEEE Robots Guide
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Illustration Robots that move
Warehouse robots carry whole shelves to people by reading markers on the floor. Amazon bought Kiva in 2012 and reported its one millionth robot in 2025.
Sources: Amazon, About Amazon
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800,000+grasp attempts, 2016
Diagram, not to scale Robots that learn from data
In 2016, Google’s robot arms made more than 800,000 grasp attempts and improved with experience. In 2019, a hand trained in simulation solved a Rubik’s Cube.
Sources: Levine et al., OpenAI
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Illustration One model, many tasks
Models trained on large demonstration sets handle hundreds of tasks. RT-2 turns web knowledge into robot actions, and labs pool data across 22 robot types.
Sources: RT-1, RT-2, Open X-Embodiment
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Illustration Robots need the real world
Robots now have capable bodies, general models, simulation and capital. The gap is varied experience of real homes, shops, farms and workshops. In one 2026 test, a humanoid picked objects from a shelf 76% of the time and from the floor 46% of the time.
- Bodies built at scale
- Brains vision, language, action
- Practice simulation
- Capital $38bn market forecast for 2035
- Experience slow and costly to gather
Sources: Google DeepMind, Morgan Stanley, NVIDIA, Goldman Sachs forecast (2024). All sources
Homes
Warehouses
Workshops
Farms
Shops
Labs